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  • Quality of life

    Quality of life (QOL) refers to a standard of physical and social behaviour commensurate to what is expected for a particular cat’s age and social location. QOL embraces the five freedoms that minimizes physical and psychological stress, and is a matter of consideration when euthanasia is being contemplated due to disease, abandonment and possibility of restoring a cat’s physical […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Recognition and assessment of pain

    Recognizing pain is the cornerstone of effective pain management in veterinary practice. Recognizing pain in animals is not intuitive, particularly by individuals unfamiliar with normal behavior for a species or individual. Numerous factors complicate the evaluation of pain in animals. Any pain scale should consider the following characteristics: species, breed, environment and rearing conditions, age, gender, cause […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Informed consent

    The landscape of health care in the United States provides an influential backdrop for consumers of both human and veterinary medical care. Consumers need only to turn on the television, read the newspaper, or search the Internet to find headline stories that reflect an increasingly litigious climate, problems with health care access and affordability for many Americans, […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Conflict

    Conflict is an intimate facet of life, borne out of a clash between an internal and external reality, and an attempt, either psychologically or physically, to obviate or deny that reality. All conflict hinges on language for its resolution. As Ludwig Wittgenstein once remarked, ‘You cannot enter into any world for which you do not […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Antiemetic agents

    Vomiting is defined as the ejection of food and/or fluid from the digestive tract (mouth, oesophagus, or stomach) and is a common clinical sign in cats. Vomiting in cats is of concern if it occurs more frequently than once every three or four days, contains blood (hematemesis), hair or parasites (esp Ollulanus tricuspis). See Physiology of vomiting Table 1. Antiemetic […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Atovaquone

    Atovaquone is a naphthalene compound with proven efficacy against Pneumocystis spp fungi and certain protozoa such as Toxoplasma and haemoplasmas. This drug appears effective against Toxoplasma-induce choroidoretinitis[1]. Recommended doses in cats is 13.3 mg/kg with fatty meal orally every 8 hours for 21 days[2]. It appears superior to imidocarb against haemoplasma parasites. Agaisnt haemoplasmas, it is best used in combination – atovaquone […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Melatonin

    Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a hormone that is naturally produced by the pineal gland in the brain of the cat. Both melatonin and its synthetic analogue Ramelteon (TAK-375)[1] augment smooth functioning and regulation of the circadian rhythm (the 24 hour cycle) of various bodily functions. Melatonin also have proven antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antineoplastic and hepatoprotective effects[2]. Melatonin receptors […]

    July 10, 2018
  • Heartworm disease

    Dirofilaria spp are parasitic spirurid nematodes which causes vascular disease in cats throughout temperate and tropical countries worldwide. D. immitis is the primary worm of this genus which causes heartworm disease in cats[2]. Infection is a relatively rare disease of cats (rates of infection at 5-20 of that of dogs[3]), but is increasingly diagnosed parasite […]

    July 9, 2018
  • Wolbachia spp

    Research on Wolbachia has caused a paradigm shift in the understanding of etiology, pathogenicity and treatment for feline heartworm disease. Wolbachia are a Gram-negative proteobacteria (haemoplasmas) commonly found in the reproductive tract of insects and worms. Closely related to Ehrlichia spp and Anaplasma spp, they are mainly known for disrupting the reproductive biology of their […]

    July 9, 2018
  • Chronic renal disease

    Chronic renal disease (CRD) is one of the most common diseases seen in older cats, reportedly affecting one in three cats over the age of 12 years[1][2]. Chronic renal disease can appear as acute renal failure or as an insidious chronic renal insufficiency, which is more common. Many cases are associated with age-related chronic interstitial […]

    July 9, 2018
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